Edfd free essay sample

A flooding or network can be characterized dependent on the components It has. Characterize Bring. Bureau and Bring. Genuine De Caring. 2. Instruments for Community Analysis: The tree examination and circumstances and logical results wheel are devices that can be utilized to investigate a network. Information coming about because of an exhaustive investigation are significant references in making plans and projects to address concerns/issues in a network. Utilizing the circumstances and logical results wheel, break down the circumstance in Bring. Bureau; utilizing the tree investigation, examine the circumstance in Bring. Genuine De Caring. 3. Spread out a proposed activity intend to address the worries/issues in the two Barings. Talk about the two Barings dependent on the guide notes/inquiries underneath: 1 . Kind of Community: A blasting or network can be characterized dependent on the components it has. Characterize Bring. Bureau and Bring. Genuine De Caring. 2. Instruments for significant references In making plans and projects to address concerns/misfortunes In a network. We will compose a custom article test on Edfd or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Utilizing the circumstances and logical results wheel, break down the circumstance in Bring. Network. Utilizing the circumstances and logical results wheel, dissect the circumstance In Bring. Cabstand; utilizing the tree investigation, break down the circumstance In Bring. Genuine De Caring. Barings.

Orwell's 1984 paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Orwell's 1984 paper - Essay Example a comparative significantly satiric implication to the Communist Manifesto, which was distributed in 1848 and was an exceptionally persuasive book of its time as far as political philosophy. It advanced the belief system of Communism and was composed by the well known socialist scholars Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. As its name portrays the book was about the political philosophy of ousting the† bourgeois† and bringing the average workers (â€Å"the low class) to control. George Orwell (whose genuine name was Eric Blair) makes satiric references to the socialist proclamation and the system it tried to advance. He was not hostile to socialist but rather towards the finish of his profession he felt frustrated by the mechanics and â€Å"manifesto† of the Communists. He accepted that such a belief system would consistently break down into an authoritarian system. The epic suggests to a great extent to the circumstance of the systems who took to the socialist beliefs (particularly the instance of Russia and the USSR) and how the Communist Manifesto quick moved away from its genuine point of the liberation of the common laborers from the bourgeoisie. The subject of the story in 1984 delineates the world in the year â€Å"1984† in the setting and supposition the Communist development has effectively overwhelmed the world. The fundamental Character of Emmanuel Goldstein is a mention to Marx and Lenin who were the most noticeable pioneers and supporters of the Communist ideology.One of the most grounded inferences to the Communist declaration (and somewhat Lenin’s book on socialism called† Testament),is when Orwell states in his book that the invented Communist pioneer Goldstein composes a book called The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism.He goes further to portray his Communist â€Å" hero† as having a â€Å"a lean Jewish face,(with) †¦.. fluffy aureole of white hair which if painstakingly analyzed helps us to remember the presence of Marx who composed the Communist Manifesto. His harshness can be seen further when he composes that Goldstein is misdirecting the

A Maple Peach in Cambridge

A Maple Peach in Cambridge Talking about myself is weird, but I’m sure all you out there that frequent the blogs would love to stalk learn about one of the new bloggers (: Hello everyone! I’m Kirsten, one of the four fabulous freshmen MIT bloggers (Alliteration! Woo! Sorry if that comes across as vain…). In a few seconds, we’re going to start a brief presentation on the life of Kirsten. Please sit back, relax, and enjoy the show. Let’s start from the beginning. I was born in the magnificent, but chilly, country of Canada. However, I’m essentially an American because I moved down to the States when I was 3 years old. I’ve lived in Georgia for practically my whole life, until this summer when I officially moved to live in a hotel (aka Maseeh). I, like many (but not all) at MIT, knew I wanted to go into math and science. Perhaps it had to do with the fact that my dad was an engineer and my mom was a biochemist. Perhaps it had to do with all that tinkering I used to do with Tinker Toys and K’nex. Perhaps it was DESTINY. Whatever the reason, I grew up as a creative “do-er.” I kept busy whether it was building a fort out of pillows, a rollercoaster, or room decorations. In high school, I didn’t slow down. To keep mentally sharp, I applied to a new charter school in Georgia. It was there that I, as part of the inaugural class, spent my time as a guinea pig. Over those four years, I took an incredible amount of math and science in four years without any upperclassmen to come to my aid. But that was the less interesting, academic-related side of my high school life. My more memorable moments from high school were from my time in Robotics and Science Olympiad. It was in those clubs that I built some really awesome balsa wo od bridges, towers, Rube-Goldberg devices, and of course robots. But when it finally was time to start applications, MIT wasn’t my first choice school. I had visited colleges the previous year and had my heart set on somewhere else. When I didn’t get into my first choice, I was pretty crushed. But I stopped pitying myself and started College Applications Round 2. Reflecting back on my college tours, I rekindled my feelings about MIT. How, when I walked onto campus I felt like I was at home (unlike that school down the road where I didn’t even bother applying to). Ultimately, I ended up applying to MIT during regular decision and made the cut! After making some hard choices, I decided that MIT was where I was going and enrolled. Although I’m not exactly sure what I’ll feel once I get situated at MIT, I do know I will learn here. About the culture, about classes, about life. I hope my blogs are helpful to those of you in high school who want a taste of MIT culture from home and to those of you who will be freshmen next year. Either way, I can’t wait to get started!

Analysis Of Robert Frosts Mending Wall - 995 Words

Mending Wall† is a poem by the twentieth century American poet Robert Frost. Whenever we learn about poetry in school, Robert Frost has always been one of my favorite poets (along with Charlotte Brontà «). Poems like The Road Not Taken† and Nothing Gold Can Stay† were always my favorites. I remember reading Mending Wall† sometime freshman or sophomore year, and it had intrigued me. We hadnt looked to deep into the poem as much as I would have liked. All of his poems have this sort of vividness, yet simplicity to them. He doesnt try to beat down his audience by making his poems complicated, instead he offers this simplicity that makes you think. Robert Frosts Mending Wall† is a dramatic narrative poem set†¦show more content†¦Rules and laws are walls, and justice is wall-mending. The tradition of maintaining walls highlights human nature. The rights of an individual is asserted through the assertion of others. The act of wall-mending benefits the community. The communal act of wall-mending offers the speaker and his neighbor to interact, therefore maintaining their relationship. While the building of walls and maintaining them may be seen as self-induced confinement, ironically it can be seen as a social gesture. Mending Wall† explores two kinds of barriers - physical and emotional. Subtly, the poem explores the underlying question: Is the speakers attitude towards both of the walls any more enlightened than that of the neighbors? Perhaps the speaker does believe in his neighbors adage of Good fences make good neighbors,† for he is the one who initiates the wall-mending. Frosts blank verse poem follows the tradition of two neighbors as they meet every year to repair the stone wall that separates their properties. The speaker sees no reason for the wall to be kept and is skeptical of this tradition - there are no livestock to be contained, just trees. He does not believe that a wall should exist just for the sake of existing. Moreover, he cannot help but notice that nature seems to also dislike the wall as there are gaps and theShow MoreRelated Analysis of Robert Frosts Mending Wall Essay1173 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Frost’s Mending Wall In his poem Mending Wall, Robert Frost presents to us the thoughts of barriers linking people, communication, friendship and the sense of security people gain from barriers. His messages are conveyed using poetic techniques such as imagery, structure and humor, revealing a complex side of the poem as well as achieving an overall light-hearted effect. Robert Frost has cleverly intertwined both a literal and metaphoric meaning into the poem, using the mending of aRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Robert Frosts Mending Wall1031 Words   |  5 PagesTo build a wall   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Mending Wall† is a poem written in Robert Frost’s second book of poetry, â€Å"North of Boston†. This poem tells a story about the so called crucial part of every piece of property, a fence, and the advantages and disadvantages that seem to come with having a fence in your property.This poem involves two neighbors who hold opposite answers as to weather the wall should stay or go. Though the speaker presents himself as an enlightened person and his neighbor as a foolish prisonerRead MoreEssay about The Dark Side of Humanity Exposed in Robert Frosts Poetry991 Words   |  4 PagesHumanity Exposed in Robert Frosts Poetry Robert Frost is often referred to as a poet of nature. Words and phrases such as fire and ice, flowers in bloom, apple orchards and rolling hills, are all important elements of Frosts work. These ‘benign objects provide an alternative way to look at the world and are often used as metaphors to describe a darker view of nature and humans. In Frosts poetry, the depth is as important as the surface. The darker aspects of Frosts poetry are often portrayedRead MoreThe Dark Side of Robert Frost’s Nature Essay2339 Words   |  10 PagesRobert Frost is known for his poems about nature, he writes about trees, flowers, and animals. This is a common misconception, Robert Frost is more than someone who writes a happy poem about nature. The elements of nature he uses are symbolic of something more, something darker, and something that needs close attention to be discovered. Flowers might not always represent beauty in Robert Frost’s poetry. Symbolism is present in every line of the nature’s poet’s poems. The everyday objects presentRead MorePoem Analysis of Mending Wall1121 Words   |  5 PagesProfessor ****** Poem Analysis Mending Wall I chose this poem because the wall reminds me of my personal struggles with other people. When people annoy or bother me I instantly put up an imaginary wall between me and that person. They ask me to stop ignoring them and I just shrug their request, just like in this poem. I decide that the wall between us is better up than down because I was afraid of getting mad and saying things that I would regret later on. Mending Wall, by Robert Frost portrays theRead MoreAnalysis Of Robert Frost s The Mending Wall 1311 Words   |  6 PagesIn Robert Frost the Mending Wall it is about the obligation of boundaries and the deceiving influences employed to abolish them. The poem shows how two individuals have different opinions on a wall that divides their properties. As the poem goes on, one would think that there is a connection between the two, through the rebuilding of the wall every spring. Richard Cory and Miniver Cheevy have many similarities as well as differences, on one hand you h ave a rich and depressed individual that is admiredRead MoreRobert Frost s Writing Style1589 Words   |  7 Pages Robert Frost once said, â€Å"The figure a poem makes. It begins in delight and ends in wisdom... in a clarification of life - not necessarily a great clarification, such as sects and cults are founded on, but in a momentary stay against confusion† (Robert Frost Quotes). This same kind of thinking opened the door for metaphorical poetry that helped to show the poets transparency. His love for the social outcast and the struggles of his life are exhibited greatly in his poems. Robert Frost helpedRead MoreStopping By The Woods Essay1012 Words   |  5 Pagesaspects of revelation. Exploration of self and the wider world is a multifaceted component, manipulated to be found in all aspects of life. Composers such as Robert Frost and David Wilkie incorporate these notions into their literary works. Robert Frost dexterously composed the poems Stopping by the woods on a snowy evening and Mending Wall to reflect the ambiguous nature of man’s interpretive expeditions. Similarl y, David Wilkie adapts Titan’s 16th century ‘Supper at Emmaus’ to his 19th CenturyRead More An Analysis of Mending Wall Essay2101 Words   |  9 PagesAn Analysis of Mending Wall Robert Frost once said that Mending Wall was a poem that was spoiled by being applied. What did he mean by applied? Any poem is damaged by being misunderstood, but thats the risk all poems run. What Frost objects to, I think, is a reduction and distortion of the poem through practical use. When President John F. Kennedy inspected the Berlin Wall he quoted the poems first line: Something there is that doesnt love a wall. His audience knew what he meant andRead MoreUsing Denotative And Connotative Meanings LA Essay1298 Words   |  6 Pagesmake sure you have met the expected criteria for the assignment. When you have finished, submit your work to your teacher. 1. Effect of Connotative Meanings a. Find and record six examples of connotative meaning from Ronald Reagan’s â€Å"Tear Down This Wall† speech. Then note whether the word or phrase has a negative or a positive connotation and the effect Reagan was trying to achieve by using it. Type your response here: Germany in a gash of barbed wire has a negative connotation Concrete has positive

Gun Control Argumentative Essay Essay - 1702 Words

Naoki Nakamura Professor Stacey Park English 100 3 November, 2014 Gun Control: Argumentative Essay The gun control debate is a good example that justifies the common known mantra that history will always repeat itself. Gun control is a regulation put forward with an aim of managing the purchase and ownership of firearms with the main aim being to reduce the criminal and unsafe use of firearms. The gun control measures involve strategies such as registration of firearms aimed at restricting the ownership of guns by people proved to be dangerous including the mentally ill, juniors, and those with criminal records. The gun control regulations also go ahead to restrict the purchase of guns within a given period of time or strategies such as imposition of a total or partial ban on ownership or sale of firearms. Majority of the United States citizens have embraced ownership of firearms which has come to be part of their culture. Consequently, any measures aimed at controlling ownership of guns triggers mixed reactions among the citizens sparking a heated debate involving the law enforcers, citizens and special groups with own interests. Despite the fact that there are numerous gun-related deaths reported in the US than anywhere else in the world, the history of gun control debate stands out to prove that the numerous proposed gun control measures are bound to fail when measured against the benefits of free ownership of guns. The Gun control measures are seen asShow MoreRelatedArgumentative Essay Gun Control1410 Words   |  6 Pages English 101 Argumentative/Persuasive Essay 4/12/2013 Word Count 1,255 Readability 12.3 There are new proposed gun control laws in the aftermath of the massacre at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newton, Connecticut that occurred on December 14th, 2012. This incident claimed the lives of twenty 1st graders and six adults and has set the government in motion to try to prevent future acts of violence by strengthening gun control laws in the United StatesRead MoreArgumentative Essay : Gun Control Essay1000 Words   |  4 Pages Argumentative Essay: Gun Control in America â€Å"The second amendment of The United States Bill of Rights is my concealed weapons permit, period.†- Ted Nugent. Saving lives one by one starts with limiting the purchase, sale, and use of guns in America. According to Alexander Lee, the political and social debate over the question of how much gun control is appropriate and it has been regularly discussed within the last decade. Shootings such as Sandy Hook, and Tucson shootings have raised the government’sRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Gun Control1153 Words   |  5 PagesIn an editorial published in the Vidette Online titled â€Å"We Need Gun Control Now More Than Ever,† the editorial board takes on the topic of the need for stricter gun control. The editorial board reports that if gun control isn’t more strictly enforced it will only create more mass shootings. They make the point that if there was stricter gun control many people would still be living, but their lives have been cut short because of mass shootings. The editorial board is correct when they go on to sayRead MoreArgumentative Gun Control Essay1422 Words   |  6 PagesArgumentative Gun Control Paper The issue of Gun Control has been on the minds of humans for hundreds of years. How do we protect ourselves and our loved ones? How do we keep such a dangerous weapon out of the hands of the wrong person? Inside the Second Amendment we are granted the right to Bear Arms. Having that amendment gives each person the ability to carry a weapon if they choose, so how can we control who should or shouldn’t carry? According to an article evaluated from KovandizicRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Gun Control1397 Words   |  6 Pagesto the United States Constitution protects the right of the people to bear arms and was adopted on December 15, 1791, as part of the first ten amendments located in the Bill of Rights. Since then there have been many attempts to create stricter gun control legislation and this leads to the argument whether or not this is an attack on the 2nd  Amendment? The Bill of Rights amendments adds to the Constitution specific guarantees of personal freedoms and  rights. The Second Amendment was originally basedRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Gun Control757 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is gun control? Who is affected by gun control? Why should someone care about gun control? Imagine going to a concert with your friends and family, you guys are laughing and having a good time when all of a sudden someone starts shooting up the place. Are you thinking to yourself if guns were banned this wouldnt have happened? Or are you wishing you had a gun to protect everyone from what is happening? Gun Control has been an issue since the beginning of time, there are some people who thinkRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Gun Control715 Words   |  3 Pagescourse you can expect an ongoing political conversation on how to prevent attacks like this. During the attack, Paddock used what is called a â€Å"bump stock,† on many of his guns, making his gunsâ €™ rapid fire, like an automatic gun, which is what made it so easy for him to open fire and attack so many. After the tragic event, a gun control organization looked into the device that helped aid Paddock in his attack and decided they would sue the makers for making it so accessible, and other reasons. WashingtonRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Gun Control1610 Words   |  7 PagesGun Control Although gun control laws are made to prevent violent outcomes, the influence which laws carry are the complete opposite to what one would think. Ever since the ratification of the Second Amendment, the debate on gun control has become a very heated topic. There is one side that believes that guns should be banned in order to stop any future tragedies from occurring. On the other hand, there is another side that believes guns are our cherished right to own and we should be allowed toRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Gun Control1006 Words   |  5 PagesGun control in the United States is a very controversial topic in today’s political society, leaving the nation divided into two sides with two strongly opinionated beliefs. This all started with the increase in the amount of mass shootings and an overall increase in gun violence. The two sides consist of the liberal point of view and the conservative point of view. The liberals believe that the availability of firearms to the pe ople in the country is a major issue, and that the U.S. government isRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Gun Control1032 Words   |  5 PagesGun control is a vital necessity to the welfare of our nation. Many people out there are supporting the â€Å"anti- gun control cause† with the excuse of â€Å"self-defense†. I believe that not everyone will handle a gun for self-defense. The possession of a gun is a sign of power. One of the bigger ambitions that one has is to have power and the easier it is to obtain a gun; the faster a criminal will gain power over an innocent person. When one is in possession of a gun, that person has complete control

How do artists use skin as a cultural material Free Essays

Introduction Skin is a hugely significant part of every individual’s life and story. It can identify our race, health and even consumerism. Our body is what we are, and we are all aware of our own body. We will write a custom essay sample on How do artists use skin as a cultural material? or any similar topic only for you Order Now We can observe the body in different ways, especially if we consider it in the media and a cultural material. In this essay, I need to be able to distinguish between if the skin is a material object, a piece of meat or if it is something divine, something that has been given to us. Our skin is one part of us that gives the human body its own language, due to this it gives us a means of understanding life. We become inspired to explore our human body as a text (a language) that we can read and reveal to us a great deal of cultural information. â€Å"This symbolic function of the body applies not only to the taboos and rituals, but to parts of the body, to representations of the human body – in art works, medical texts, racial ideology, and advertisements – and to decorations and modifications of the flesh, from ornaments, hair fashion, cosmetics, masking, costuming, tattooing, piercing, and scarification, to body fattening or thinning, muscular development, and cosmetic surgery. However extreme or seemingly whimsical the practise; it always has meaning, always is shaped by the sociocultural context in and through which people act.†[1] This quote is a perfect starting point as an example of hoe diverse the literal idea of skin can be. All these changes can be made physically, but also require a certain amount of emotional and mental consideration as well. The idea my chosen essay question poses to me though, is that is this skin that we have a cultural material, and do artists make it that? Looking at the idea that skin most defiantly is used as a cultural material, we can go back as far as to look at early representations of people, and consider the work of artists such as, Botticelli. His painting of Venus and Mars is a clear depiction of his understanding of the personification of beauty, looking at the skin of Venus, we know that at the time Botticelli was producing this piece, no contemporary woman of that age would have had such perfect features and alabaster skin. This gives us a clear notion of the idealization that artists of the 15th century had about what they considered beautiful. Even in this era, the depiction of what was considered aesthetically beautiful was still highly regarded, and remained significant in the paintings produced at this time. This figure of Venus is perfectly symmetrical; Botticelli has created the ideal woman that is not only the perfection of physical attractiveness but also the philosophical level of beauty that was demanded by the scholars of the time. Though looking at the painting we can hardly ignore the extremely sexually provocative depiction of Mars, not only has Botticelli created his perfection of womanhood, but the god-like physique and classical features he has given Mars revel a greater depth of understanding to this piece as we begin to understand the artist and the requirements of the culture that surrounded him. Following this idea of skin depictions through the ages we can go on to look at the 18th century, and in particular on image by Jacques- Louis David, ‘The death of Marat’ (1793). This one painting by David is a perfect representation of the ideals held in high esteem at the time, and the importance of the portrayal of significant figures in society. His image is telling us about the death of Marat, a man that was an important Jacobin, and who was also friends with the artist himself. Due to his role in the convention and as editor-in-chief of L’Ami du Peuple, he was murdered as he bathed. As I am concerned with the idea of skin as material culture the importance of Marat’s portrayal in his bath, is crucial to this piece. Marat suffered from a disfiguring skin disease that required him to bath for hours in order to treat It, however as we look upon this piece we can clearly see that there is no trace of such a disease. David has created an idealized image of Marat, partly due to the fact that when he came to produce this portrait, Marat’s body was too badly decomposed. He has painted him as a healthy young man, and although his face is marked by suffering it is also gentle and immersed by a growing of peacefulness. The use of the elements such as light upon the skin are also vital to the composition, as David’s subtle interplay between these factors highlight his blend of compassion and outrage that he felt towards the victim of the piece. Baudelaire wrote in 1846, â€Å"The drama is here, vivid in its pitiful horror. This painting is David’s masterpiece and one of the great curiosities of modern art because, by a strange feat, it has nothing trivial or vile. What is most surprising in this very unusual visual poem is that it was painted very quickly. When one thinks of the beauty of the lines, this quickness is bewildering. This is food for the strong, the triumph of spiritualism. This painting is as cruel as nature but it has the fragrance of ideals. Where is the ugliness that hallowed Death erased so quickly with the tip of his wingNow Marat can challenge Apollo. He has been kissed by the loving lips of Death and he rests in the peace of his metamorphosis. This work contains something both poignant and tender; a soul is flying in the cold air of this room, on these cold walls, around this cold funerary tub.†[2] In this quote Baudelaire is restoring David’s work to its honour after being mistake by the Romantics as cold classicism. The idea of skin as material culture is so apparent here as the masking of a disease is known. I need to now enquire as to why things such as that are hidden and disguised, why is it important to sustain such a perfect ideal. Bibliography Onians, J. ‘the biological basis of renaissance aesthetics: in F, Ames – Lewis, M, Rogers, eds. Concepts of beauty in renaissance art’, Aldershot: ash gate publishing Ltd. 1998. Walters, S. ‘Material girls: making sense of feminist cultural theory.’ University of California press, Ltd. London, England. 1995. Pitts, V. ‘In the flesh: the cultural politics of body modification.’ Palgrove Macmillan TM. 2003. Tilley, C. ‘Reading material culture.’ Blackwell publishers, Ltd. 1990. Hall, S. ‘Cultural identity and Diaspora – theorizing Diaspora: a reader.’ Wiley-Blackwell, 2003. http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/his/CoreArt/art/neocl_dav_marat.html http://sirl.stanford.edu/~bob/teaching/pdf/arth202/Haughton_Renaissance_beauty_JCosmeticDermatology04.pdf http://science.jrank.org/pages/8480/Body-SOCIAL-SKIN.html How to cite How do artists use skin as a cultural material?, Essay examples

Working Capital free essay sample

The project entitled† A study on liquidity, profitability and risk with regard to working capital management and inventory management at Milma Cattle feed Plant, Pattanakkad† is done to assess the efficiency in managing the inventory, solvency and liquidity position and profitability of the company. Efficient management of working capital is extremely important to any organization. Holding of too much working capital is inefficient and holding too little is dangerous to the survival of the organization. A company can be endowed with assets and profitability but short of liquidity if assets cannot be converted in to cash. Positive working capital is required to ensure that a firm is able to continue its operations and that it has sufficient funds to satisfy both maturing short-term debt and upcoming operational expenses. The management of working capital involves managing inventories, accounts receivables and payables and cash. Inventory control helps to ensure timely availability of materials, better use of financial resources, protecting inventory from losses, provides protection against uncertainties of demand and supply, preparation of accurate material reports and minimize wastages and rate of deterioration Working capital may be regarded as the life blood of a business. We will write a custom essay sample on Working Capital or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Its effective provision can do much to ensure the success of a business. Its inefficient management can lead not only loss of profit but also to the downfall of business. A study of working capital is of major importance to internal and external analysis because of its close relationship with its close relationship with its current day-to-day operations of a business. Working capital is required to sustain the sales activity. In case adequate working capital is not available for the period the firm will not be in a position to purchase raw material, pay wages and other manufacturing expenses required for goods to be sold. Working capital management is an integral part of overall corporate management. In this highly competitive environment working capital management is one of the most important factors. Such studies can highlight the recent trends that have been incorporated in the industrial financial practice and also enable to make a comparative analysis which the current trends of the management in general to that of existing practices in the organization. Its aim is to assess the working capital position, management of inventory, liquidity position, solvency and profitability of the organization. They are also useful in identifying areas where more focus is required and also provide with opportunity to bench mark successful finance practices with regard to corporate financing.

Free Essays on Ragtime

In the classic E.L. Doctorow novel, Ragtime, we see the juxtaposition of many motifs to represent Doctorow’s view of the early century. By combining history and fiction Doctorow allows himself to write a semi-accurate interpretation of the early 1900’s while also being able to strongly express his own biases and opinions of the era. The biggest and perhaps most important theme Doctorow applies in the novel is social tension, or the battle of the rich versus the poor. Other important themes include rebirth, racial tension, and high randomness of events. It is apparent that Doctorow clearly favors the poor, lower class, in their struggle for economic and social mobility against the few, rich, and upper class citizens. Doctorow’s thoughts are best depicted through the novel’s characters. Tateh, Coalhouse Walker and Sarah are all characters who are portrayed as ‘good’. These characters, while representing a wide range of economic success, all symbolize socially challenged individuals. Throughout the novel, Doctorow always chooses these or similar types of characters to be the protagonists. Doctorow wants the reader to feel for Coalhouse’s situation. He wants the reader to hope that Willie Conklin is harmed and the Model T Ford is repaired. On the other hand, Doctorow tells a different tale for the economic elite, upper echelon of society, represented by J.P. Morgan and Henry Ford. Morgan is presented as a snobbish old man, who always gets his way, and we are supposed to feel no remorse for him when his museum is broken int!o. We, the readers, are inclined to agree with Doctorow’s opinion only because that is the way he planned it. Doctorow did not touch on any negative aspects of Coalhouse Walker’s actions, such as innocent firemen that he killed, and their families, perhaps, because this might sway the reader’s belief as to Coalhouse’s innocence. The concept of rebirth is used liberally by Doctorow. ... Free Essays on Ragtime Free Essays on Ragtime In the classic E.L. Doctorow novel, Ragtime, we see the juxtaposition of many motifs to represent Doctorow’s view of the early century. By combining history and fiction Doctorow allows himself to write a semi-accurate interpretation of the early 1900’s while also being able to strongly express his own biases and opinions of the era. The biggest and perhaps most important theme Doctorow applies in the novel is social tension, or the battle of the rich versus the poor. Other important themes include rebirth, racial tension, and high randomness of events. It is apparent that Doctorow clearly favors the poor, lower class, in their struggle for economic and social mobility against the few, rich, and upper class citizens. Doctorow’s thoughts are best depicted through the novel’s characters. Tateh, Coalhouse Walker and Sarah are all characters who are portrayed as ‘good’. These characters, while representing a wide range of economic success, all symbolize socially challenged individuals. Throughout the novel, Doctorow always chooses these or similar types of characters to be the protagonists. Doctorow wants the reader to feel for Coalhouse’s situation. He wants the reader to hope that Willie Conklin is harmed and the Model T Ford is repaired. On the other hand, Doctorow tells a different tale for the economic elite, upper echelon of society, represented by J.P. Morgan and Henry Ford. Morgan is presented as a snobbish old man, who always gets his way, and we are supposed to feel no remorse for him when his museum is broken int!o. We, the readers, are inclined to agree with Doctorow’s opinion only because that is the way he planned it. Doctorow did not touch on any negative aspects of Coalhouse Walker’s actions, such as innocent firemen that he killed, and their families, perhaps, because this might sway the reader’s belief as to Coalhouse’s innocence. The concept of rebirth is used liberally by Doctorow. ... Free Essays on Ragtime The novel takes place in New Rochelle in the 1900’s. During this time period a lot of changes were going on. Some of the changes were the women’s rights movement, race relations, and family roles. The main thing that caught my attention was the race relations between the whites and blacks. Through the novel they show how violence isn’t the way to settle issues like racism. The main character who showed violence trying to gain rights and equality was Coalhouse Walker. Coalhouse Walker was a black musician who challenged the racial issues in the society of New Rochelle. He was an important symbol in the book. His character provides insight of race relations during the turn of the century. He represents all African Americans who challenged the expectations many whites have of them. His character was formed with great pride like a typical African American had at that time period. They all wanted respect and equal rights. One scene shows how blacks were mistreated. Coalhouse was stopped for no reason and was being forced to pay an amount of money to the fire chief, Will Conklin. Coalhouse refused and went to find someone to help him. When he found a police officer to help, all he responded was with: â€Å" Those boys don’t mean no harm, he finally said. I know them all. Go on back now, They’re probably tired of the sport. Walker may have realized this was probably the maximum support he could expect from a policeman.† During that time period of history a black mans plead didn’t mean much to a police officer. â€Å"With eight people dead by Coalhouse’s hand, horses destroyed and buildings demolished, with suburban town still reverberating in its terror, his arrogance know no bounds.† Through out the novel Coalhouse Walker was looking to be heard by the people. His statements weren’t affecting anyone, so he started committing angry actions and resorted to violence to resolve his feelings toward society...

Literacy is key to success at work - Emphasis

Literacy is key to success at work Literacy is key to success at work Poor literacy at work is still a major problem, new research has found. The report, Literacy: State of the Nation, examined the UKs literacy levels both in schools and in the workplace. While a quarter of young people see no connection between reading and success, the research results made the link clear. Two-thirds of men and three-quarters of women with low literacy levels had never received a promotion. The knock-on effect could be costing the rest of the country too, according to the National Literacy Trust, which published the report. The findings are extremely worrying, says Jonathan Douglas, the Trusts director. It is estimated that poor literacy costs the economy 2.5bn a year. Worrying indeed.

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Quantitative and academic skills(economy) - Essay Example It also means taking charge of what I do with the resources I could legitimately and ethically use to get things done and accepting mistakes when I commit them. If I achieve this, I can be more confident, learn to respect and manage myself in my studies, and develop self-esteem, because knowing who I am is important if I want to express myself and understand others better. Performance means knowing my profession well so I can succeed, and includes having a broad and open mind, ready to learn from personal experience and learning from others who know more like professors and tutors. One ethical rule is the policy on plagiarism which means â€Å"stealing†¦other people’s work and ideas and passing them off as (my) own† (Handbook, 2007, p. 6). I can use or paraphrase other people’s ideas, but I should acknowledge it following established academic rules of honesty and integrity. My main problem is to know which information I need and learning to choose the right information. There is too much information, in libraries, the Internet, and in the media, so I need to learn how to assess the reliability of my sources such as journals, databases, articles, and surveys. I need to spend more time reading good materials and data sources in English, understanding how the experts in the field analyse information and present it, and being involved in discussions in and out of the classroom. In my culture, we were trained to obey and believe those in authority, and to ask few questions in public. Here, I notice that people say what is in their minds, and I want to learn how to do this. Professors and tutors are open to questions and criticisms. My studies are my top priority right now, but if I do not continue building up my personal discipline because of poor self-management or I allow myself to be influenced by others, my path to success is in danger. I hope my professors and tutors correct me when they see I am not going along the right path. Developing all

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Synopsys For Physical Design Of Asic Computer Science Essay

Synopsys For Physical Design Of Asic Computer Science Essay IC Compiler is the software package from Synopsys for Physical Design of ASIC. It provides necessary tools to complete the back end design of the very deep submicron designs. The inputs to the IC Compiler are: a gate-level netlist which can be from DC Compiler or third-party tools, a detailed floorplan which can be from previous Design Planning through IC Compiler or other third-party tools, timing constraints and other constraints, physical and timing libraries provided by manufacturer, and foundry-process data. IC Compiler generates a GDSII-format file as output ready for tape out of the chip. In addition, it is possible to export a Design Exchange Format (DEF) file of placed netlist data ready for a third-party router. IC Compiler uses a binary Synopsys Milkyway database, which can be used by other Synopsys tools based on Milkyway. [16] 4.2 User Interfaces IC Compiler can be used either with Shell interface (icc_shell) or with Graphical user interface (GUI). Shell interface is the command-line interface, which is used for batch mode, scripts, typing commands, and push-button type of operations. Graphical user interface (GUI) is an advanced graphical analysis and physical editing tool. Certain tasks, such as very accurately displaying the design and providing visual analysis tools, can only performed from the GUI. Also tool command language (Tcl), which is used in many applications in the EDA industry, is available to IC Compiler. Using Tcl, you can write reusable procedures and scripts. The IC Compiler design flow is an easy-to-use, single-pass flow that provides convergent timing closure. Figure 4.1 shows the basic IC Compiler design flow, which is centered around three core commands that perform placement and optimization (place_opt), clock tree synthesis and optimization (clock_opt), and routing and postroute optimization (route_opt). [16] icc1 Figure 4.1 IC Compiler Design Flow [21] For most designs, if the place_opt, clock_opt, and route_opt steps are followed, IC Compiler will provide optimal results. You can use IC Compiler to efficiently perform chip-level design planning, placement, clock tree synthesis and routing on designs with moderate timing and congestion challenges. To further improve the quality of results for your design you can use additional commands and switches for placement, clock tree synthesis, and routing steps that IC Compiler provides. IC Compiler design flow involves execution of following steps: 1. Set up and prepare the libraries and the design data. 2. Perform design planning and power planning. -Design planning is to perform necessary steps to create a floorplan, determine the size of the design, create the boundary and core area, create site rows for the placement of standard cells, set up the I/O pads. -Power planning, is to perform necessary steps to create a power plan to meet the power budget and the target leakage current. 3. Perform placement and optimization. IC Compiler placement and optimization uses enhanced placement and synthesis technologies to generate a legalized placement for leaf cells and an optimized design, which addresses and resolves timing closure issues for the provided design. You can supplement this functionality by optimizing for power, recovering area for placement, minimizing congestion, and minimizing timing and design rule violations. To perform placement and optimization, use the place_opt core command (or from GUI choose Placement menu and then Core Placement and Optimization sub-menu). 4. Perform clock tree synthesis and optimization. To perform the clock tree synthesis and optimization phase, use the command clock_opt (or choose Clock > Core Clock Tree Synthesis and Optimization in the GUI). IC Compiler clock tree synthesis and embedded optimization solve complicated clock tree synthesis problems, such as blockage avoidance and the correlation between preroute and postroute data. Clock tree optimization improves both clock skew and clock insertion delay by performing buffer sizing, buffer relocation, gate sizing, gate relocation, level adjustment, reconfiguration, delay insertion, dummy load insertion, and balancing of interclock delays. 5. Perform routing and postroute optimization. To perform routing and postroute optimization, use the route_opt core command (or choose Route > Core Routing and Optimization in the GUI). As part of routing and postroute optimization, IC Compiler performs global routing, track assignment, detail routing, search and repair, topological optimization, and engineering change order (ECO) routing. For most designs, the default routing and postroute optimization setup produces optimal results. If necessary, you can supplement this functionality by optimizing routing patterns and reducing crosstalk or by customizing the routing and postroute optimization functions for special needs. 6. Perform chip finishing and design for manufacturing tasks. IC Compiler provides chip finishing and design for manufacturing and yield capabilities that you can apply throughout the various stages of the design flow to address process design issues encountered during chip manufacturing. 7. Save the design. Save your design in the Milkyway format. This format is the internal database format used by IC Compiler to store all the logical and physical information about a design. [16] 4.3 How to Invoke the IC Compiler 1. Log in to the UNIX environment with the user id and password . 2. Start IC Compiler from the UNIX promt: UNIX$ icc_shell The xterm unix prompt turns into the IC Compiler shell command prompt. 3. Start the GUI. icc_shell> start_gui This window can display schematics and logical browsers, among other things, once a design is loaded. 4.4 Preparing the Design IC Compiler uses a Milkyway design library to store design and its associated library information. This section describes how to set up the libraries, create a Milkyway design library, read your design, and save the design in Milkyway format. These steps are explained in the following sections: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Setting Up the Libraries à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Setting Up the Power and Ground Nets à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reading the Design à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Annotating the Physical Data à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Preparing for Timing Analysis and RC Calculation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Saving the Design 4.4.1 Setting Up the Libraries IC Compiler requires both logic libraries and physical libraries. The following sections describe how to set up and validate these libraries. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Setting Up the Logic Libraries: IC Compiler uses logic libraries to provide timing and functionality information for all standard cells. In addition, logic libraries can provide timing information for hard macros, such as RAMs. IC Compiler uses variables to define the logic library settings. In each session, you must define the values for the following variables (either interactively, in the .synopsys_dc.setup file, or by restoring the values saved in the Milkyway design library) so that IC Compiler can access the libraries: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ search_path Lists the paths where IC Compiler can locate the logic libraries. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ target_library Lists the logic libraries that IC Compiler can use to perform physical optimization. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ link_library Lists the logic libraries that IC Compiler can search to resolve references. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Setting Up the Physical Libraries: IC Compiler uses Milkyway reference libraries and technology (.tf) files to provide physical library information. The Milkyway reference libraries contain physical information about the standard cells and macro cells in your technology library. In addition, these reference libraries define the placement unit tile. The technology files provide information such as the names and characteristics (physical and electrical) for each metal layer, which are technology-specific. The physical library information is stored in the Milkyway design library. For each cell, the Milkyway design library contains several views of the cell, which are used for different physical design tasks. If you have not already created a Milkyway library for your design (by using another tool that uses Milkyway), you need to create one by using the IC Compiler tool. If you already have a Milkyway design library, you must open it before working on your design. This section describes how to perform the following tasks: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Create a Milkyway design library To create a Milkyway design library, use the create_mw_lib command (or choose File > Create Library in the GUI). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Open a Milkyway design library To open an existing Milkyway design library, use the open_mw_lib command (or choose File > Open Library in the GUI). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Report on a Milkyway design library To report on the reference libraries attached to the design library, use the -mw_reference_library option. icc_shell>report_mw_lib-mw_reference_library design_library_name To report on the units used in the design library, use the report_units command. icc_shell> report_units à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Change the physical library information To change the technology file, use the set_mw_technology_file command (or choose File > Set Technology File in the GUI) to specify the new technology file name and the name of the design library. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Save the physical library information To save the technology or reference control information in a file for later use, use the write_mw_lib_files command (or choose File > Export > Write Library File in the GUI). In a single invocation of the command, you can output only one type of file. To output both a technology file and a reference control file, you must run the command twice. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Verifying Library Consistency: Consistency between the logic library and the physical library is critical to achieving good results. Before you process your design, ensure that your libraries are consistent by running the check_library command. [16] icc_shell> check_library 4.4.2 Setting Up the Power and Ground Nets IC Compiler uses variables to define names for the power and ground nets. In each session, you must define the values for the following variables (either interactively or in the .synopsys_dc.setup file) so that IC Compiler can identify the power and ground nets: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ mw_logic0_net By default, IC Compiler VSS as the ground net name. If you are using a different name, you must specify the name by setting the mw_logic0_net variable. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ mw_logic1_net By default, IC Compiler uses VDD as the power net name. If you are using a different name, you must specify the name by setting the mw_logic1_net variable. 4.4.3 Reading the Design IC Compiler can read designs in either Milkyway or ASCII (Verilog, DEF, and SDC files) format. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reading a Design in Milkyway Format à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reading a Design in ASCII Format 4.4.4 Annotating the Physical Data IC Compiler provides several methods of annotating physical data on the design: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reading the physical data from a DEF file To read a DEF file, use the read_def command (or choose File > Import > Read DEF in the GUI). icc_shell> read_def -allow_physical design_name.def à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reading the physical data from a floorplan file A floorplan file is a file that you previously created by using the write_floorplan command (or by choosing Floorplan > Write Floorplan in the GUI). icc_shell> read_floorplan floorplan_file_name à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Copying the physical data from another design To copy physical data from the layout (CEL) view of one design in the current Milkyway design library to another, use the copy_floorplan command (or choose Floorplan > Copy Floorplan in the GUI). [16] icc_shell> copy_floorplan -from design1 4.4.5 Preparing for Timing Analysis and RC Calculation IC Compiler provides RC calculation technology and timing analysis capabilities for both preroute and postroute data. Before you perform RC calculation and timing analysis, you must complete the following tasks: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Set up the TLUPlus files You specify these files by using the set_tlu_plus_files command (or by choosing File > Set TLU+ in the GUI). icc_shell> set_tlu_plus_files -tech2itf_map ./path/map_file_name.map -max_tluplus ./path/worst_settings.tlup -min_tluplus ./path/best_settings.tlup à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ (Optional) Back-annotate delay or parasitic data To back-annotate the design with delay information provided in a Standard Delay Format (SDF) file, use the read_sdf command (or choose File > Import > Read SDF in the GUI). To remove annotated data from design, use the remove_annotations command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Set the timing constraints At a minimum, the timing constraints must contain a clock definition for each clock signal, as well as input and output arrival times for each I/O port. This requirement ensures that all signal paths are constrained for timing. To read a timing constraints file, use the read_sdc command (or choose File > Import > Read SDC in the GUI). icc_shell> read_sdc -version 1.7 design_name.sdc à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Specify the analysis mode Semiconductor device parameters can vary with conditions such as fabrication process, operating temperature, and power supply voltage. The set_operating_conditions command specifies the operating conditions for analysis. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ (Optional) Set the derating factors If your timing library does not include minimum and maximum timing data, you can perform simultaneous minimum and maximum timing analysis by specifying derating factors for your timing library. Use the set_timing_derate command to specify the derating factors. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Select the delay calculation algorithm By default, IC Compiler uses Elmore delay calculation for both preroute and postroute delay calculations. For postroute delay calculations, you can choose to use Arnoldi delay calculation either for clock nets only or for all nets. Elmore delay calculation is faster, but its results do not always correlate with the PrimeTime and PrimeTime SI results. The Arnoldi calculation is best used for designs with smaller geometries and high resistive nets, but it requires more runtime and memory. [16] 4.4.6 Saving the Design To save the design in Milkyway format, use the save_mw_cel command (or choose File > Save Design in the GUI). [16] CHAPTER 5: Design Planning 5.1 Introduction Design planning in IC Compiler provides basic floorplanning and prototyping capabilities such as dirty-netlist handling, automatic die size exploration, performing various operations with black box modules and cells, fast placement of macros and standard cells, packing macros into arrays, creating and shaping plan groups, in-place optimization, prototype global routing analysis, hierarchical clock planning, performing pin assignment on soft macros and plan groups, performing timing budgeting, converting the hierarchy, and refining the pin assignment. Power network synthesis and power network analysis functions, applied during the feasibility phase of design planning, provide automatic synthesis of local power structures within voltage areas. Power network analysis validates the power synthesis results by performing voltage-drop and electromigration analysis. [16] Figure 5.1 IC Compiler Design Planning [21] 5.2 Tasks to be performed during Design Planning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Initializing the Floorplan à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Automating Die Size Exploration à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Handling Black Boxes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Performing an Initial Virtual Flat Placement à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Creating and Shaping Plan Groups à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Performing Power Planning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Performing Prototype Global Routing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Performing Hierarchical Clock Planning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Performing In-Place Optimization à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Performing Routing-Based Pin Assignment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Performing RC Extraction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Performing Timing Analysis à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Performing Timing Budgeting à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Committing the Physical Hierarchy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Refining the Pin Assignment 5.3 Initializing the Floorplan The steps in initializing the floorplan are described below. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reading the I/O Constraints: To load the top-level I/O pad and pin constraints, use the read_io_constraints command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Defining the Core and Placing the I/O Pads: To define the core and place the I/O pads and pins, use the initialize_floorplan command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Creating Rectilinear-Shaped Blocks: Use the initialize_rectilinear_block command to create a floorplan for rectilinear blocks from a fixed set of L, T, U, or cross-shaped templates. These templates are used to determine the cell boundary and shape of the core. To do this, use initialize_rectilinear_block -shape L|T|U|X. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Writing I/O Constraint Information: To write top-level I/O pad or pin constraints, use the write_io_constraints command. Read the Synopsys Design Constraints (SDC) file (read_sdc command) to ensure that all signal paths are constrained for timing. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Adding Cell Rows: To add cell rows, use the add_row command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Removing Cell Rows: To remove cell rows, use the cut_row command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Saving the Floorplan Information: To save the floorplan information, use the write_floorplan command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Writing Floorplan Physical Constraints for Design Compiler Topographical Technology: IC Compiler can now write out the floorplan physical constraints for Design Compiler Topographical Technology (DC-T) in Tcl format. The reason for using floorplan physical constraints in the Design Compiler topographical technology mode is to accurately represent the placement area and to improve timing correlation with the post-place-and-route design. The command syntax is: write_physical_constraints -output output_file_name -port_side [16] Figure 5.2 Floor Plan After Initialization [21] 5.4 Automating Die Size Exploration This section describes how to use MinChip technology in IC Compiler to automate the processes exploring and identifying the valid die areas to determine smallest routable, die size for your design while maintaining the relative placement of hard macros, I/O cells, and a power structure that meets voltage drop requirements. The technology is integrated into the Design Planning tool through the estimate_fp_area command. The input is a physically flat Milkyway CEL view. 5.5 Handling Black Boxes Black boxes can be represented in the physical design as either soft or hard macros. A black box macro has a fixed height and width. A black box soft macro sized by area and utilization can be shaped to best fit the floorplan. To handle the black boxes run the following set of commands. set_fp_base_gate estimate_fp_black_boxes flatten_fp_black_boxes create_fp_placement place_fp_pins create_qtm_model qtm_bb set_qtm_technology -lib library_name create_qtm_port -type clock $port report_qtm_model write_qtm_model -format qtm_bb report_timing qtm_bb 5.6 Performing an Initial Virtual Flat Placement The initial virtual flat placement is very fast and is optimized for wire length, congestion, and timing. The way to perform an initial virtual flat placement is described below. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Evaluating Initial Hard Macro Placement: No straightforward criteria exist for evaluating the initial hard macro placement. Measuring the quality of results (QoR) of the hard macro placement can be very subjective and often depends on practical design experience. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Specifying Hard Macro Placement Constraints: Different methods can be use to control the preplacement of hard macros and improve the QoR of the hard macro placement. Creating a User-Defined Array of Hard Macros Setting Floorplan Placement Constraints On Macro Cells Placing a Macro Cell Relative to an Anchor Object Using a Virtual Flat Placement Strategy Enhancing the Behavior of Virtual Flat Placement With the macros_on_edge Switch Creating Macro Blockages for Hard Macros Padding the Hard Macros à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Padding the Hard Macros: To avoid placing standard cells too close to macros, which can cause congestion or DRC violations, one can set a user-defined padding distance or keepout margin around the macros. One can set this padding distance on a selected macros cell instance master.During virtual flat placement no other cells will be placed within the specified distance from the macros edges. [16] To set a padding distance (keepout margin) on a selected macros cell instance master, use the set_keepout_margin command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Placing Hard Macros and Standard Cells: To place the hard macros and standard cells simultaneously, use the create_fp_placement command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Performing Floorplan Editing: IC Compiler performs the following floorplan editing operations. Creating objects Deleting objects Undoing and redoing edit changes Moving objects Changing the way objects snap to a grid Aligning movable objects 5.7 Creating and Shaping Plan Groups This section describes how to create plan groups for logic modules that need to be physically implemented. Plan groups restrict the placement of cells to a specific region of the core area. This section also describes how to automatically place and shape objects in a design core, add padding around plan group boundaries, and prevent signal leakage and maintain signal integrity by adding modular block shielding to plan groups and soft macros. The following steps are covered for Creating and Shaping Plan Groups. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Creating Plan Groups: To create a plan group, create_plan_groups command. To remove (delete) plan groups from the current design, use the remove_plan_groups command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Automatically Placing and Shaping Objects In a Design Core: Plan groups are automatically shaped, sized, and placed inside the core area based on the distribution of cells resulting from the initial virtual flat placement. Blocks (plan groups, voltage areas, and soft macros) marked fix remain fixed; the other blocks, whether or not they are inside the core, are subject to being moved or reshaped. To automatically place and shape objects in the design core, shape_fp_blocks command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Adding Padding to Plan Groups: To prevent congestion or DRC violations, one can add padding around plan group boundaries. Plan group padding sets placement blockages on the internal and external edges of the plan group boundary. Internal padding is equivalent to boundary spacing in the core area. External padding is equivalent to macro padding. To add padding to plan groups, create_fp_plan_group_padding command. To remove both external and internal padding for the plan groups, use the remove_fp_plan_group_padding command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Adding Block Shielding to Plan Groups or Soft Macros: When two signals are routed parallel to each other, signal leakage can occur between the signals, leading to an unreliable design. One can protect signal integrity by adding modular block shielding to plan groups and soft macros. The shielding consists of metal rectangles that are created around the outside of the soft macro boundary in the top level of the design, and around the inside boundary of the soft macro. To add block shielding for plan groups or soft macros, use the create_fp_block_shielding command. To remove the signal shielding created by modular block shielding, use the remove_fp_block_shielding command. [16] 5.8 Performing Power Planning After completed the design planning process and have a complete floorplan, one can perform power planning, as explained below. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Creating Logical Power and Ground Connections: To define power and ground connections, use the connect_pg_nets command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Adding Power and Ground Rings: It is necessary to add power and ground rings after doing floorplanning. To add power and ground rings, use the create_rectangular_rings command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Adding Power and Ground Straps: To add power and ground straps, use the create_power_straps command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Prerouting Standard Cells: To preroute standard cells, use the preroute_standard_cells command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Performing Low-Power Planning for Multithreshold-CMOS Designs: One can perform floorplanning for low-power designs by employing power gating. Power gating has the potential to reduce overall power consumption substantially because it reduces leakage power as well as switching power. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Performing Power Network Synthesis: As the design process moves toward creating 65-nm transistors, issues related to power and signal integrity, such as power grid generation, voltage (IR) drop, and electromigration, have become more significant and complex. In addition, this complex technology lengthens the turnaround time needed to identify and fix power and signal integrity problems. By performing power network synthesis one can preview an early power plan that reduces the chances of encountering electromigration and voltage drop problems later in the detailed power routing. To perform the PNS, one can run the set of following commands. [16] synthesize_fp_rail set_fp_rail_constraints set_fp_rail_constraints -set_ring set_fp_block_ring_constraints set_fp_power_pad_constraints set_fp_rail_region_constraints set_fp_rail_voltage_area_constraints set_fp_rail_strategy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Committing the Power Plan: Once the IR drop map meets the IR drop constraints, one can run the commit_fp_rail command to transform the IR drop map into a power plan. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Handling TLUPlus Models in Power Network Synthesis: Power network synthesis supports TLUPlus models. set_fp_rail_strategy -use_tluplus true à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Checking Power Network Synthesis Integrity: Initially, when power network synthesis first proposes a power mesh structure, it assumes that the power pins of the mesh are connected to the hard macros and standard cells in the design. It then displays a voltage drop map that one can view to determine if it meets the voltage (IR) drop constraints. After the power mesh is committed, one might discover problem areas in design as a result of automatic or manual cell placement. These areas are referred to as chimney areas and pin connect areas. To Check the PNS Integrity one can run the following set of commands. set_fp_rail_strategy -pns_commit_check_file set_fp_rail_strategy -pns_check_chimney_file set_fp_rail_strategy -pns_check_chimney_file pns_chimney_report set_fp_rail_strategy -pns_check_hor_chimney_layers set_fp_rail_strategy -pns_check_chimney_min_dist set_fp_rail_strategy -pns_check_pad_connection file_name set_fp_rail_strategy -pns_report_pad_connection_limit set_fp_rail_strategy -pns_report_min_pin_width set_fp_rail_strategy -pns_check_hard_macro_connection file_name set_fp_rail_strategy -pns_check_hard_macro_connection_limit set_fp_rail_strategy -pns_report_min_pin_width à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Analyzing the Power Network: One perform power network analysis to predict IR drop at different floorplan stages on both complete and incomplete power nets in the design. To perform power network analysis, use the analyze_fp_rail command. To add virtual pads, use the create_fp_virtual_pad command. To ignore the hard macro blockages, use the set_fp_power_plan_constraints command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Viewing the Analysis Results: When power and rail analysis are complete, one can check for the voltage drop and electromigration violations in the design by using the voltage drop map and the electromigration map. One can save the results of voltage drop and electromigration current density values to the database by saving the CEL view that has just been analyzed. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Reporting Settings for Power Network Synthesis and Power Network Analysis Strategies: To get a report of the current values of the strategies used by power network synthesis and power network analysis by using the report_fp_rail_strategy command. [16] 5.9 Performing Prototype Global Routing One can perform prototype global routing to get an estimate of the routability and congestion of the design. Global routing is done to detect possible congestion hot spots that might exist in the floorplan due to the placement of the hard macros or inadequate channel spacing. To perform global routing, use the route_fp_proto command. 5.10 Performing Hierarchical Clock Planning This section describes how to reduce timing closure iterations by performing hierarchical clock planning on a top-level design during the early stages of the virtual flat flow, after plan groups are created and before the hierarchy is committed. One can perform clock planning on a specified clock net or on all clock nets in the design. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Setting Clock Planning Options: To set clock planning options, use the set_fp_clock_plan_options command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Performing Clock Planning Operations: To perform clock planning operations, use the compile_fp_clock_plan command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Generating Clock Tree Reports: To generate clock tree reports, use the report_clock_tree command. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Using Multivoltage Designs in Clock Planning: Clock planning supports multivoltage designs. Designs in multivoltage domains operate at various voltages. Multivoltage domains are connected through level-shifter cells. A level-shifter cell is a special cell that can carry signals across different voltage areas. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Performing Plan Group-Aware Clock Tree Synthesis in Clock Planning: With this feature, clock tree synthesis can generate a clock tree that honors the plan groups while inserting buffers in the tree and prevent new clock buffers from being placed on top of a plan group unless they drive the entire subtree inside that particular plan group. This results in a minimum of clock feedthroughs, which makes the design easier to manage during partitioning and budgeting. [16] 5.11 Performing In-Place Optimization In-place optimization is an iterative process that is based on virtual routing. Three types of optimizations are performed: timing improvement, area recovery, and fixing DRC violations. T

Tora: an emblem of New Woman

Ibsen was a powerful Norwegian playwright who left no stone unturned to explore all the critical problems of the society right from his Pillars of the Society ,Ghosts   to The Enemy of People. Ibsen was really disturbed to find that women were being turned into mere gewgaws of the household ,to decorate the house, to nod at every odd proposal put forth by her husband, i.e, the master of the household, to dance to his tune all the time to keep the peace and harmony of home intact. He was such aggrieved to observe this   unhealthy balance ,that he composed the brilliant play A Doll’s House, considered to be one of the best plays that marks a new epoch in the history of women’s emancipation. Ibsen himself wrote â€Å"The wife in the play ends by having no idea of what is right or wrong; natural feeling on the hand and belief in authority on the other have altogether bewildered her. A woman cannot be herself in the society of the present day ,which is an exclusively masculine society ,with laws framed by men and with a judicial system that judges feminine conduct from a masculine point of view.†[Cf. Ibsen, Henrik:Notes for the Modern Tragedy ] Hence, Ibsen was very much aware of the fact that the housekeeping woman-cum-wife was invariably looked down upon by the male chauvinistic husband. Why not look at Nora Helmer and her position in the household from   close   quarters? In the very first act , when she enters with a load of parcels in her hand and interacts with her husband Torvald , she is addressed at least more than once as â€Å"featherbrain†, â€Å"scatterbrain† so forth. It may be so taken for granted that Torvald driven by the unalloyed passion of love for her wife addresses her in like terms. So far as ‘songbird’ , ‘doll-wife’ go that may have some significance. But, when Torvald unhesitatingly utters, â€Å"You wouldn’t believe how much it costs a man when he’s got a little songbird like you†, his dormant chauvinism suddenly pops up to the open. Does he not mean to belittle the labor his wife is incessantly putting in to run the household smoothly , that too, not in expectation of any material gain for herself in turn? Yes, he does, whether   he intends to mean so or not. In Act One itself, it becomes crystal clear to us that Nora loved her husband so deeply that she never hesitated   to forge a document when it came to the decision of saving her husband’s life. She even confessed of working as a copywriter for sometime working late into the night burning her midnight oil and energy.Why? TO SAVE HER HUSBAND†S PRECIOUS LIFE!!And what did she get in turn? Nora’s interaction with Mr. Krogstad too was not out of the necessities of profession. The letter that he left shoving her to the brink of destruction was rectified later on by another letter of contrition. But , the matters had tuned worse by then. Our query to the playwright is ,if Nora got the taste of earning like a man by copywriting why did she not continue with it and accrue some   sort of self-complacency by seeing herself dependent? Perhaps, the subjugation of women in that era for which Mary Wollstonecraft and others of that period fought was stifling her to death from within! Knowingly, unknowingly, or whatever!! Mr. Krogstad at one point started pestering Nora to influence her husband for retaining him as his subordinate in the bank. Thereafter, this sneaking man went to such a daring extent that Nora could not disown him, knowing full well that this man was more venomous than a viper. Mr. Krogstad started blackmailing Nora with such incriminating statements like, â€Å"Your father died on the twenty-ninth of September. But look at this –your father has dated his signature the second of October. Isn’t that a curious thing, Mrs. Helmer?† [Nora is silent] Can you explain it?†[A Doll’s House,Act One] Nora was caught into the snare and lastly when the act of unintentional forgery stood exposed to Torvald in Act Three and he hit the roof ,accusing his doll-wife   with harsh words ,Nora   had every reason to give vent to her pent-up hurt feelings. She felt humiliated when Torvald pointed rude and naked finger to her dead father’s moral failings and detested her for inheriting so. Was it not the most heinous form of accusation? Torvald could demean her , could call her names even, but was it really ethical of him as a son-in-law to bring down the house at the expense of his dead father-in-law’s moral turpitude? That might be utterly baseless even! Even after such humiliation Nora could utter , â€Å"I’ve loved you more than anything in the world.† Torvald cast aspersions on her by calling her â€Å"liar†, â€Å"hypocrite† even worse, â€Å"a criminal†. She had inherited her father’s shiftless character by proving herself   irreligious, immoral, irresponsible! Nora went on listening all the odorous, obnoxious accusations maintaining her cool. And , even when Torvald thundered, â€Å"And I’m brought so pitifully low all because of a shiftless woman!† she remained surprisingly calm rejoining only, â€Å"Once I’m out of the way, you’ll be free.† Torvald went a step further and snowballed his unguarded comment, You will remain here in my house —that goes without saying—but I shall not allow you to bring up my children†¦.I shouldn’t dare trust you with them†, then could any motherly sentiment remain untouched ? Nora’s heart too bled profusely at such ruthless utterance. That was why, it took hardly a few seconds for her to decide to slam the door on her husband’s face at last! When the letter of repentance or redress reached Torvald, he in the same peremptory tone spoke out, â€Å"Nora, I’m saved.†Nora in a passive tone inquired of her position, â€Å"And I?† With intense passion,Torvald said, â€Å"You too of course.† After such mindless , pointless   humiliation , how could Torvald be so inane to belt out the words, â€Å"I’ve forgiven you..†?† We are surprised to see Nora turning back to look stern at him , thus intimidating him. Nora pulled up all her courage to blurt out on his face, â€Å"You’ve never loved me, you’ve only found it   pleasant to be in love with me.†Therafter , Nora went on expatiating her restrained attitude in both her father’s house and later at her husband’s . She admitted of dancing to both her father’s and husband’s tunes , as the cases might have been. Later on with much conviction the revelation dawned upon her, â€Å"You and Papa have committed a grievous sin against me: it’s your fault that I’ve made nothing of my life.† She never had the courage to express her own opinion. Now she mustered her guts to speak out and think independently with her own grey cells!! Now she was not hesitant to say that she was never happy at Torvald’s , but only â€Å"gay†. Nora felt the need of educating herself, she was keen on standing on her own feet ,if she was to know herself and the world outside. Her tongue did not falter to utter, â€Å"That’s why I can’t stay here with you any longer.†This daring statement could only suffice to bring   a New Woman   out of conventional Nora ,a   doll-wife ,in the era when voicing   a protest against a husband   was simply next to impossible!! Nora lastly hit the bull’s eye by saying that life could hardly be a real marriage for a couple who pretended all he time to be HAPPY!! It was the greatest miracle of all when Nora left the house slamming the door behind. The house appeared EMPTY to Torvald. We were being prepared throughout the play for this final action from Nora. Her unrequited love for her husband , for her family shoved her to the edge of utter denial . The children for whom she spent her last farthing to buy the costliest Christmas gift , too, could not be trusted with her!! Such utterance drove her desperate, insane and her decision seemed appropriate.However inane it might appear at the outset, it brought to the fore a revolutionary   and protesting self   of a woman who hated demeaning her womanhood. As economic freedom happened to be a significant criterion of a free woman , will it be very wrong to say that Nora of Ibsen foreshadowed Lily Briscoe of Virginia Woolf or her thought of an earning woman as a New Woman as appeared in her A Room of one’s Own?As in later days we find Michele Foucault arguing   about self-refusal rather than self-discovery,by which he meant to say that ‘to become what she was not at the beginning.† Thus, the concept of New Woman which was taking shape with Mother Courage of Brecht or Wife of Bath of Chaucer even much earlier found a veritable shape in Nora Helmer. Nora was truly justified to rise up in arms against the abominable subjugation inflicted on her and Ibsen was assiduously preparing the audience right from Act One for such a finale. Of course, Nora had every right to chime in with a contemporary woman-poet, Anna Laetitia Barbauld, â€Å"Yes,injured Woman!rise, assert thy right! Woman!too long degraded , scorned, oppressed; O born to rule in partial Law’s despite, Resume thy native empire o’er the breast.†[The Rights of Woman] Works Cited 1.Ibsen , Henrik[Tr. Peter Watts]:A Doll’s House and Other Plays, Penguin, England, 1965. 2.Cole, Toby ed: Playwrights on Playwriting,Colonial Press, USA, 1960. 3.Pritchard, R.E.ed:Poetry by English Women ,Elizabethan to Victorian, Continuum, New York, 1990. 4.Meyer, Michael:Ibsen, Penguin, England, 1967. 5, Gatting, Gary ed:The Cambridge Comapanion to Foucault, CUP, New York, 1994.            

Main Theoretical Perspectives Within Sociology - 1330 Words

A theory is a statement that explains how and why the world operates the way it does. Theories are a great part of the framework used in organizing the specific social phenomena’s within social science. Theories can answer questions like why certain groups of people all live in the same/ certain neighborhood. Theories try to explain why groups of people do certain things, and why a society changes and how it works. There are three main theoretical perspectives within sociology. These perspectives are functionalism, symbolic interactionism and, conflict theory. To understand phenomena as to the ways groups are formed it is important to follow theoretical perspectives. A theory is a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work. It is an explanation of how facts are related to one other. While a fact is an observation that has been proven over and over and has been accepted as being true. It is never final because it can also be modify or can even be said to not be true tomorrow. With theories there is no need for a list of types of people, why certain people do things in certain ways. Theories help to understand the overall general themes across many specific types of behaviors or decisions in the social world. Symbols are very important to humans. Symbolic interactions is the symbols we use to attach meaning to things in the world. It is used to understand how we see the world and communicate with one another. It tells you how to actShow MoreRelatedMarxism and Health Care1239 Words   |  5 Pagesdoes one theoretical perspective discussed in chapter two contribute to a deeper sociological understanding of health and health care? For many years sociological approaches towards health were not adequately utilised as a means of gaining an enriched understanding of concurrent physical and social issues relating to health care. 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